Which additional structures are essential for the functionality of a wing or arm aside from bones and muscles?

The functionality of a wing or arm goes beyond just bones and muscles; it also relies heavily on blood vessels and the central nervous system. Blood vessels are crucial because they supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, including the muscles and bones, enabling them to function effectively. Adequate blood flow supports muscle contractions and the overall metabolism of the tissues involved in movement.

The central nervous system plays an equally important role by providing the necessary control and coordination for movement. It processes sensory information and sends signals to the muscles to initiate movement, ensuring that the wing or arm operates efficiently and responds appropriately to the environment. Without these structures, the bones and muscles would not be able to perform their functions effectively, as they would lack the necessary support and control mechanisms.

Other options, while relevant to specific contexts, do not encompass the critical systems required for the basic functionality of limbs. Without the essential role played by blood vessels and the central nervous system, the complex interactions required for movement would be severely impaired.